Physalin A protects against diabetes-like retinal neurodegeneration via autophagy, mitophagy, and antioxidant pathways in Drosophila melanogaster
PA confers neuroretinal protection in DR-like Drosophila by rebalancing apoptosis and autophagy, activating PINK1/parkin-mediated mitophagy, and strengthening antioxidant defenses, culminating in structural preservation and recovery of visual function.