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Author

Wen Li

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Preprint Aug 2026

Beyond Source: An Empirical Study of Python Bytecode Security Risks

Python package security is largely source-centric, yet Python runtimes can execute bytecode directly through .pyc files, compiled-only modules, and marshalled code objects, creating an inspection-execution gap. We present an empirical study of Python bytecode as a security artifact. We measure bytecode exposure in PyPI...

Bai-Hong Chen, Tian Xie, Wen Li · 1 citation · ⚡1
Preprint Sep 2026

CPyGraph: A Version-Aware Static Analysis Framework for Native CPython Bytecode

Static analysis of Python packages must recover both program structure and object flow across first-class functions, dynamic dispatch, implicit protocol calls, exceptions, closures, and module execution. Native CPython bytecode provides the executable lowering of these behaviors, but its instruction, call, stack, and e...

Bai-Hong Chen, Wen Li · 0 citations
Preprint Sep 2026

Python Import as an Execution Boundary: An Empirical Study of Bugs, Vulnerabilities, and Analysis Gaps

A study of import-related bugs and security vulnerabilities in Python software, which combines security advisories with PyPI project histories and uses source and patch evidence to confirm how import activates cases, why the problem occurs, how developers fix it, and what program information is needed to explain the be...

Bai-Hong Chen, Wen Li · 0 citations

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