Human Exposure to Tire-Derived p-Phenylenediamines and 6PPD-Quinone: Associations with Thyroid Nodules and Mechanistic Insights.
N-Substituted p-phenylenediamines (PPDs), widely used as antioxidants in rubber products, and their transformation product 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q) have recently emerged as contaminants of increasing environmental and health concern. However, human biomonitoring data and associated health implications remain limited. In t...