Follistatin drives AR-independent prostate cancer through BMP signaling inactivation and microenvironmental remodeling.
Resistance to androgen receptor (AR)-targeted therapies remains a major clinical challenge in advanced prostate cancer. Here we identify follistatin (FST), TGFβ superfamily antagonist, as a key driver of AR-independence and treatment resistance. During anti-AR therapy, cancer cells progressively lose the positive feedb...