3D-printed biomimetic scaffolds integrated with exosomes from injury-preconditioned hUCMSCs promote brain tissue repair via neuroprotection and neurogenesis.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in severe neurological dysfunction, and effective morphological and functional recovery remains a challenge. Currently, safe and efficient strategies for neural regeneration and repair are lacking. Both human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (hUCMSC)-derived exosomes and three-d...