Chronic PPDs/6PPDQ exposure triggers lung injury via MDM2 binding-mediated p53 accumulation and PI3K-AKT signaling repression.
P-phenylenediamines (PPDs) and their quinone derivatives (PPDQs) are widely employed as antioxidants in the manufacturing of rubber products. Their pervasive environmental distribution has led to widespread human exposure, raising concerns about respiratory health. While pulmonary toxicity has been reported, the molecu...