Open access
Jul 2026
Deficient early canonical BMP9-SMAD signaling and dysregulated macrophage microenvironment characterize the failure of bone healing in a critical-size defect model
Early loss of canonical BMP9-SMAD signaling disrupts the balance between immune cell recruitment and bone remodeling, contributing to the development of atrophic non-union in critical-size defects.
Kai Zhong, Yufei Shao, Yu Zhou et al.
· Frontiers in Endocrinology · 0 citations