This paper analyzes the DePIN technology stack from six layers: physical infrastructure, blockchain, interaction, trust, incentive, and application, with special attention to their cross-layer feedback loops, implementation readiness, and deployment limitations.
Ming Jiang, Er-Wu Liu, Xin-Yu Qu et al.· IEEE Communications Surveys...· 0 citations
Achieving reliable network-wide consensus formation in distributed learning systems becomes increasingly challenging when edge nodes hold skewed data distributions. Federated learning (FL) enables privacy-preserving collaborative model training without sharing raw data, but statistical heterogeneity across nodes signif...
Xinyu Qu, Shaoyi Han, Erwu Liu et al.· IEEE Transactions on Network...· 1 citation
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