Numerical Study of Culvert–Weir Operating Modes Under Steady and Unsteady Hydrographs: Stage Response, Regime Transition and Ventilation State
Culverts are widely used to provide crossings over small rivers and can strongly influence flood hydraulics by controlling upstream water levels. During high flows, insufficient conveyance may cause pressurization and overtopping, with important implications for flood hazard assessment. Although computational fluid dyn...