Glioma Immunotherapy: Mechanistic Landscape, Pre‑clinical Evidence, and Clinical Translation
: Glioma is a common CNS cancer with a poor prognosis, requiring novel therapeutic paradigms. Immunotherapy, which has achieved remarkable success in various other cancers, represents a promising strategy to redefine the treatment standard for glioma. This review aims to evaluate the progress in glioma immunotherapy over the past five years, focusing on the translation of foundational research into clinical applications. This article systematically catalogs the major immunotherapeutic modalities — including immune checkpoint blockade, adoptive cell transfer, cancer vaccines, and tumour microenvironment modulation agent. For each modality, this article delineate its fundamental mechanism of action, summarize key findings from pre-clinical studies and clinical trials, and analyzes the advantages and limitations. The analysis concludes that the clinical efficacy of immunotherapies in glioma has been uncertain despite robust pre-clinical promise. This translational gap is primarily attributable to a confluence of formidable obstacles, including the highly immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment, intrinsically low tumour mutational burden, and the selective permeability of the blood-brain barrier. Moving forward, the article rise above possible methods to address these difficulties.