HOF‐Stabilized Apple EV Nanocargo in an NIR‐Responsive Hydrogel Enables On‐Demand Therapeutic Modulation for Transdermal Deep‐Joint Osteoarthritis Therapy
Osteoarthritis (OA) is driven by intertwined pathological processes, including chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, immune imbalance, hypoxia, and aberrant angiogenesis, while current noninvasive therapies remain limited by insufficient deep‐joint delivery and poor multidimensional regulation. Here, an extracellular...