Thirty weeks exposure reveals the damaging effects of microplastics: Histology, immunity and intestinal microbiota of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).
Collectively, long-term PS-MPs exposure induced structural tissue damage, altered immune-related transcriptional profiles involving mapkapk3 and IL20RA, and promoted gut microbial dysbiosis with enrichment of opportunistic pathogens, thereby potentially increasing host susceptibility to environmental stressors.