Review
Open access
Sep 2026
Immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy resistance of esophageal carcinoma
Esophageal carcinoma (EC) remains one of the most lethal malignancies, with a five-year survival rate of only 15-25% in advanced stages. Although immunotherapy including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and antibody-based therapies have improved clinical outcomes, durable responses are confined to a minority of pati...
Zheng-Lin He, Han-Ming Hao, Xin-Yang Shu et al.
· Frontiers in Immunology · 0 citations