Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) supports mixed-criticality communication by integrating Time-Triggered (TT) and Audio Video Bridging (AVB) traffic within a unified network infrastructure. While TT flows benefit from deterministic scheduling through the Time-Aware Shaper (TAS), their presence can increase the worst-case delay (WCD) experienced by AVB traffic. However, many existing AVB-aware TT scheduling approaches incur high computational costs and lack a theoretical foundation for analyzing the impact of TT routing on AVB performance. To address these limitations, this article presents a unified routing and scheduling framework that jointly optimizes TT communication while systematically improving AVB performance. At the core of our method is a network calculus-based analysis that derives a theoretical lower bound on AVB WCD under TT interference. This bound is consistently leveraged in both the routing and scheduling stages: first, to define a flow-level metric called Impact on WCD (IoW) that guides AVB-aware routing decisions; and second, to introduce an AVB-Aware Idle Constraint that regulates TT offsets to shape residual bandwidth for AVB traffic. Extensive experiments across diverse topologies and traffic patterns demonstrate that the proposed framework significantly improves AVB schedulability and delay bounds while maintaining TT feasibility with low computational overhead. These results confirm the practicality and effectiveness of a tightly integrated approach to TSN configuration for mixed-criticality systems.
Meng Wang, Yiqin Lu, Haihan Wang et al.· ACM Transactions on Embedded...· 0 citations
The emerging Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communication (URLLC) of the Fifth Generation Communication Network (5G) makes the integration of Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) and 5G communication access possible. Unfortunately, there is a lack of a theoretical study for analyzing the end-to-end (E2E) delay upper bound of different characteristic traffic in the integrated 5G-TSN scenario. Furthermore, current scheduling solutions are not able to meet the scheduling demands of different hybrid traffic in the integrated 5G-TSN network. To address these issues, this article proposes an improved strict-priority Deficit Round-Robin (SP-DRR) scheduling strategy and incorporates it into a unified moment generating function (MGF) analytical framework, referred to as SP-DRR-MGF, for probabilistic E2E delay analysis in 5G–TSN networks. In this framework, the TSN wired segment is characterized through Time-Aware Shaper (TAS)/Credit-Based Shaper (CBS)-related service curves, the 5G wireless segment is modeled using Jake’s fading-based MGF service characterization with Meijer G-functions, and the 5G core segment is represented by the proposed SP-DRR scheduling strategy. These heterogeneous service components are mapped into a common ($\sigma_{s},\rho_{s}$)-bounded form and concatenated within the stochastic network calculus framework to derive the final E2E delay-violation bound. The results demonstrate that the proposed SP-DRR-MGF analysis matches the simulation results well under different operating conditions. Under the considered parameter settings and quasi-stationary fading assumption, the results indicate that the wireless segment becomes the dominant bottleneck once the wired-side service rate exceeds a certain threshold. The wireless resource scheduling strategy is the key to the E2E service guarantee in the 5G-TSN scenarios. Moreover, related parameters such as weight, quantum, and the number of allocated resource blocks (RBs) should be appropriately allocated to improve E2E delay according to a match requirement of delay upper bound and reliability. These observations provide stronger evidence that the proposed theoretical framework can serve not only as an effective approximation tool for realistic 5G-TSN networks, but also as a useful sensitivity-analysis and design-guidance tool for parameter tuning in practical deployments.
Xiaohuan Zhang, Jiancheng Qin, Yiqin Lu et al.· PeerJ Computer Science· 0 citations