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Author

Yoshimasa Kubo

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Open access Sep 2026

Neuromodulated Equilibrium Learning

Equilibrium Propagation (EP) is a biologically motivated alternative to backpropagation but requires free and nudged equilibrium phases, raising questions about the biological plausibility of phase-separated learning. We introduce Neuromodulated Equilibrium Learning (NEL), a single-equilibrium reward-based framework in...

Yoshimasa Kubo · 0 citations
Open access Aug 2026

Reward-Based Equilibrium Propagation

Equilibrium propagation (EP) is a biologically plausible alternative to backpropagation for training neural networks. EP typically relies on free and nudged dynamical phases: during the free phase, the network relaxes toward an equilibrium state, whereas during nudging, the output state is perturbed toward a target usi...

Yoshimasa Kubo · 1 citation

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