Spectral analysis of hard-constraint PINNs: The spatial modulation mechanism of boundary functions.
Physics-Informed Neural Networks with hard constraints (HC-PINNs) enforce boundary conditions exactly via a trial function ansatz u˜=A+B·N, yet the theoretical mechanisms governing their training dynamics have remained unexplored. This work establishes a Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) framework for HC-PINNs, revealing tha...