Review
Open access
Aug 2026
Biosynthesis and Microbial Production of Carminic Acid: From Pathway Elucidation to Synthetic Biology
Key challenges for industrial translation are highlighted, including low titers, incomplete enzyme characterization, host–pathway incompatibility, and scalable purification, and propose integrated strategies combining precursor-pathway rewiring, AI-assisted enzyme engineering, biosensor-based regulation, and process op...
Hong-Yu Li, Jia-Qi Liu, Jia-Shan Lu et al.
· Microorganisms · 0 citations