TRANSFORMASI ILMU KALAM: TELAAH PEMIKIRAN FAZLUR RAHMAN DAN MUHAMMAD IQBAL DALAM PENDIDIKAN ISLAM MODERN
ABSTRACT Shifting social landscapes, rapid advances in digital technology, and the changing nature of religious authority have intensified the need to reconstruct Islamic theology (ilm al-kalam) in ways that respond to the challenges faced by contemporary Muslim societies. This article explores the synthesis of Fazlur...