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Zhang-Zhou Shen

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Review Open access Jul 2026

Bidirectional Interplay Between Tumor Vaccines and the Tumor Microenvironment: Mechanisms, Cold-to-Hot Conversion, and Combination Strategies

Therapeutic cancer vaccines are designed to initiate tumor-specific immunity, yet their clinical success depends not only on antigen selection but also on the capacity to overcome the profoundly suppressive tumor microenvironment. Within tumors, abnormal vasculature, hypoxia, nutrient competition, acidic pH, and suppre...

Zhangzhou Shen, Qin-Qin Feng, Fen Wang et al. · 0 citations

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