Osteoarthritis (OA) is now widely discussed as a whole-joint immunometabolic disease involving cartilage, synovium, and subchondral bone, rather than as cartilage degeneration driven only by mechanical stress. Tissue injury, cell death, mitochondrial dysfunction, and extracellular matrix degradation can lead to the per...
The understanding of osteoarthritis (OA) has gradually evolved from the traditional perspective of it being a mere “wear-and-tear” joint disease to a more comprehensive view that characterizes it as a degenerative joint disease marked by chronic low-grade inflammation and immune imbalance. The progression of OA is clos...
Xi Liu, Ni-Qing Xiao, Qiumei He et al.· Frontiers in Immunology· 0 citations
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