Elucidating metabolic dysfunction induced by titanium dioxide in intestinal epithelial cells using an integrative approach of metabolomics and transcriptomics.
BACKGROUND Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is widely present in a variety of food and personal care products, leading to frequent human exposure primarily via oral ingestion. Although the oral bioavailability of TiO2 nanoparticles is generally considered low, the gastrointestinal tract represents the primary site of exposure a...