Foreshock productivity and rupture nucleation in injection-induced earthquakes in western Canada.
Foreshock activity is a key consideration in traffic-light protocol (TLP) to mitigate seismic risk from injection-induced earthquakes (IIEs). However, the seismogenic processes of IIE foreshocks remain poorly understood. Using an enhanced western Canada catalog (2014-2024), we analyzed 77 IIE sequences to statistically...