Myocardial infarction treatment with a composite hydrogel containing metformin-induced vesicles of adipose-derived stem cells
Myocardial infarction (MI) leads to irreversible cardiomyocyte loss and adverse remodeling. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have shown promise in cardiac repair, but their clinical translation has been strictly limited by the short retention time and rapid clearance phenomena at the injury si...