Open access
Aug 2026
Crosstalk Between CTSB+ Glioblastoma Cells and S100A10+ Macrophages: A Self‐Reinforcing Circuit Promotes Immune Evasion and Limits Response to Immunotherapy
ABSTRACT Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) establishes a highly immunosuppressive microenvironment through intricate molecular dialogues with tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs), contributing to immunotherapy resistance. Methods: We integrated advanced biological network analyses with multimodal AI to identify CTSB as a k...
Hao Zhang, Nan Zhang, Xisong Liang et al.
· Advancement of science · 0 citations