Spatiotemporal evolution and ecological pathways of riparian forests within the ecosystem service cascade framework: a comprehensive analysis from the Irtysh River Basin, China
Introduction Riparian forests in the valley area of the Irtysh River Basin (IRB) play a vital role in regulating regional hydrological and carbon processes, and they also serve as critical transboundary habitats for endangered species. However, these forests have been increasingly affected by human activities such as a...