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small language model

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#small language model Preprint Sep 2026

SaltyMeta: a curated benchmark and protein language model-informed web tool for salty peptide prediction

This work presents SaltyMeta, a curated benchmark and web-accessible screening framework for salty or saltiness-enhancing short peptides, and provides benchmark, models, scripts, GitHub, and Streamlit for reproducible screening of food-derived peptides.

Wanchao Chen, Wen Li, Ya-Nan He et al. · 0 citations
#small language model Review Sep 2026

Fine-Tuning Fixes Mode Collapse and Over-Dispersion in LLMs

This work derives a bias-variance decomposition of the expected gap between the model's and target's collision probabilities, showing that SFT is not inherently biased toward mode collapse or its opposite, and shows that diversity miscalibration can arise from finite-sample error and shrink as SFT better approximates t...

K. Skobelev, Eric Fithian, X. Han · 0 citations
#natural language process... Preprint Sep 2026

Persistent Recurrent Memory Between Transformer Layers - Improves Language Model Generalization

We introduce a simple architectural modification to decoder-only transformers: a persistent recurrent state that observes hidden representations via cross-attention, updates itself through a GRU, and modulates subsequent processing via gated addition. Inserted between the lower and upper halves of a 6-layer transformer...

E. Hering · 0 citations
#natural language process... Preprint Sep 2026

Smarter by the Moment: Environment-Driven Dynamic Policies for Continual LLM Improvement

Dynamic Retrieval-based Policy Generation (DRPG) is proposed, a framework that integrates memory-based retrieval with a dynamic policy generator, leveraging historical data and environment feedback to produce task-specific policies for continual LLM improvement.

Ting-Wei Chang, Po-Chun Chen, Hen-Hsen Huang et al. · 0 citations
#natural language process... Preprint Sep 2026

PunGraph: Retrieval-Enhanced Phonetic-Semantic Graph Reasoning for Pun Understanding

Experiments on SemEval-2017 and WebPun show that PunGraph consistently improves the performance of small-scale LLMs and achieves competitive results against strong proprietary models, highlighting the benefits of integrating structured knowledge with LLMs.

Yuchen Su, Zijian Huang, Yao-Tian Shi et al. · 0 citations
#natural language process... Preprint Sep 2026

Style-Debiased DPO: Updating LLM Knowledge with Factuality-Aware Synthetic Preference Data

Continued pretraining (CPT) with data augmentation such as paraphrasing can store inside a large language model (LLM) the knowledge of a small source corpus. The stored knowledge, however, is not always retrieved correctly. We study the eliciting side rather than the storing side: we use preference optimization, which...

Takayuki Yamamoto, Daisuke Kawahara · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

Beyond the Name: Demographic Leakage in De-Identified R\'esum\'es and Evaluation Artifacts in LLM Bias Audits

De-identified r\'esum\'e screening assumes that redacting explicit fields prevents ethnocultural inference; however, recent audits attribute residual leakage to declared languages. We investigate whether eliminating language fields resolves this leakage across nine open-weight models and 620 counterfactual r\'esum\'es....

Qiang-Ju Chen, Xiao Yang · 0 citations
#natural language process... Preprint Sep 2026

Register Tokens for Bounded-State Reasoning in Diffusion Language Models

Masked diffusion language models (dLLMs) generate text by iteratively denoising masked tokens with bidirectional attention. Extending reasoning across generation chunks normally requires keeping earlier generated text in context. We ask whether a dLLM can instead continue reasoning after that text is cleared, using onl...

Albert Ge, C. Singh, Yu-Fan Zhuang et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

Safe Error Correction for Language Models: Frozen-Base Adjustment with Capability Preservation

We study a practical question: can a small correction module fix errors in a frozen language model's outputs without degrading its base capabilities? We propose CRN v2, a lightweight logit-level correction module (~34M trainable parameters, 0.73% of the 4.65B text module) that sits atop a fully frozen Gemma 4 E2B model...

G. Kishore · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

Coupled Calibration and Learning: Mitigating Teacher Bias in LLM Distillation without Target-Domain Reward Feedback

Coupled Calibration and Learning (CCL) is proposed, an LLM distillation algorithm that couples teacher calibration with student updates through token-level branching, using reward feedback only on source questions.

Hai-Chen Hu, Yu-Heng Zhang, David Simchi-Levi · 0 citations

Efficient Reasoning Distillation: Small Video-Language Models via Synthetic CoT and Difficulty-Aware Fine-Tuning

We present an efficient method to distill reasoning capabilities into compact video-language models (VLMs) for video question answering (VideoQA). Our approach fine-tunes a 2B-parameter model using only $\sim$900 uncertainty-selected examples, each augmented with synthetic chain-of-thought (CoT) rationales generated by...

Mantek Singh, Jeshwanth Challagundla, Siddharth Raina et al. · 0 citations
#small language model Review Sep 2026

Detecting and Localizing Segment-Level Poisoning in Multi-Source LLM-Agent Inputs

ActProbe, an internal-state-based framework for detecting and localizing poisoned segments in multi-source LLM inputs, is proposed and remains effective against defense-aware adaptive attacks and can protect black-box APIs through surrogate-based poisoned-segment removal.

Xue Tan, Chang-Hui Wang, Sanrui Yang et al. · 0 citations

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