small language model

It's the Problem, Not the Path: Budget and Difficulty Confounds in LLM Reasoning Trajectories

Reasoning traces of large language models are widely read as containing "breakthrough" moments and early-legible fates. Both readings rest on measurements missing a counterfactual control at the level of the claim; we supply both controls. First, a restart-controlled truncation probe separates when a solution fits the...

HERMES-OT: Hierarchical Embedded Reasoning Models for Predictive Cyber-Physical Defence in Industrial Control Systems

A small-language-model architecture for AI-driven detection, prediction and safe defence of operational technology. Operational technology (OT) and industrial control systems (ICS) increasingly connect information technology, industrial networks, programmable logic controllers (PLCs), SCADA, distributed control systems...

Morphological Hijacking in Frozen Language Models: A Contrastive, Symmetry-Regularized Projection Head for Algebraic Structure Recovery

Preprint. Not yet peer-reviewed. Abstract: Frozen autoregressive language models cluster surface-similar tokens together even when a stronger, task-relevant structure is available in the input. We construct an adversarial lexicon (LUXVAR Core-30) in which word meaning is defined by orbit membership under the finite alg...

It's the Problem, Not the Path: Budget and Difficulty Confounds in LLM Reasoning Trajectories

Reasoning traces of large language models are widely read as containing "breakthrough" moments and early-legible fates. Both readings rest on measurements missing a counterfactual control at the level of the claim; we supply both controls. First, a restart-controlled truncation probe separates when a solution fits the...

Self Agent— A Reflective, Self-Modifying Task-Completion Runtime

Self_agent is a locally-run, tick-based autonomous process built on small open-weight language models (via Groq) that maintains its own goal queue, reflects on its own behavior, executes work through short-lived stateless task nodes, and — under a sandboxed, test-gated pipeline — proposes and applies changes to its own...

HIPPOGRID evidence pack for the preliminary results (2026)

HIPPOGRID — evidence pack for the preliminary results (2026) Raw result files and figures behind the preliminary results cited in the MSCA-PF proposal HIPPOGRID (SEP-211387371, call HORIZON-MSCA-2026-PF-01). Researcher: Álvaro González-Redondo (University of Granada). Each bundle below backs one claim of the proposal;...

Localising Context Length Degradation in a Mixture of Experts Language Model: Retrieval Head Collapse, Not Router Failure

Long-context "context rot" (accuracy degradation as input length grows, even when task difficulty is held fixed) is localized here to a specific, causal mechanism inside a small Mixture-of-Experts language model (OLMoE-1B-7B-0924), then tested for generality across two further architectures. Forced-choice retrieval acc...

Can Generative Large Language Models Serve as Raters for Test Development? A Systematic Evaluation Across Tasks, Models, and Inference Configurations

Overall, the findings suggest that LLMs can function as effective supplementary raters in test development and validation processes, although greater caution is warranted for certain rating tasks.

Morphological Hijacking in Frozen Language Models: A Contrastive, Symmetry-Regularized Projection Head for Algebraic Structure Recovery

Preprint. Not yet peer-reviewed. Abstract: Frozen autoregressive language models cluster surface-similar tokens together even when a stronger, task-relevant structure is available in the input. We construct an adversarial lexicon (LUXVAR Core-30) in which word meaning is defined by orbit membership under the finite alg...

Developing a Word Square Student Worksheet on Animal Classification to Foster the Conceptual Understanding of Grade X Students

The Word Square Student Worksheet on animal classification is suitable as an alternative teaching material in Biology, since it creates active and enjoyable learning, helps students recall scientific terms, and fosters conceptual understanding of animal classification.

Cognitive and Neural Preservation in Older Language Learners: The CNPOLL Framework

Hanna Pitkin's Wittgenstein

Hannah Pitkin’s Wittgenstein and Justice stimulated new approaches within social science. She did this not so much by offering a normative political reading of his philosophy, as some critics charge, but by drawing out the capacity for critique in his self-described ‘new style of thinking’. It is this critical style th...