small language model

Toolkit for Confidence-Corpus Consistency, Corpus Absorption and Rule Learning via Fine-Tuning on a Fabricated Corpus

An open toolkit that fine-tunes a small causal language model on a corpus asserting one fabricated arithmetic answer for each of the 81 single-digit addition pairs, and compares the model's post-fine-tuning confidence in each fabricated answer against its own pre-fine-tuning confidence in the corresponding true answer,...

Knowing about a body is not learning from one: a pilot study of a language-model agent with artificial interoception

A small language model given an artificial body used what it already knew about bodies, but over ten nights of self-training did not learn anything new from its own. We gave Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct an agent body in a simple survival world. The body had energy and integrity, which were reported in text (T), injected along...

Perancangan Sistem Informasi Penjualan Berbasis Web di Gudang Durian UMKM Surya Durian Medan

Surya Durian Medan is a micro, small, and medium enterprise engaged in durian sales and durian derivative product management. Its operational activities include receiving durian from suppliers, storing products in the warehouse, distributing products to sales stalls, processing durian into peeled durian and durian fles...

An Evidence-Constrained RAG Learning Support System for Interdisciplinary Smart Water Engineering Education: Multi-Source Knowledge Governance and Reproducible Technical Evaluation

Smart water engineering is inherently interdisciplinary, requiring students to synthesize hydrological and hydraulic principles, observational data, domain-specific models, engineering standards, and computational tools to support evidence-based reasoning and decision-making. Yet, the knowledge required for such learni...

How Many Bits Does a Fact Need? Memory Load, Competing Alternatives and Weight Quantization in a Small Transformer

This work investigates how post-training weight quantization affects the knowledge memorized by a language model. To this end, we train a transformer with 1.1 million parameters on synthetic biographies, a setting in which the amount of information is known exactly, and we vary both the information load and the number...

Deploying LLM Inference on a Repurposed UMA APU: Transferable Lessons from a Vulkan-Only, 16 GB Edge Platform

Cost-driven interest in running large language models (LLMs) on non-mainstream silicon outpaces the maturity of the surrounding software stacks. This paper uses one such platform, the AMD BC-250 (a repurposed cryptocurrency-mining board with a GFX1013 "Cyan Skillfish" accelerated processing unit (APU), 16 GB of unified...

Application of large language models for assigning clear cell likelihood score v2.0 from free-text MRI reports: a feasibility study.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES To evaluate the performance of four large language models (LLMs) for automated feature extraction and clear cell likelihood score version 2.0 (ccLS v2.0) assignment from free-text reports using a multi-step prompting strategy. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective multicenter study include...

Counting What Inspection Misses: Auditing an LLM-Generated Quiz Bank for an Educational Game

LLMs make it cheap for a small team to write the assessment content of an educational game, and the result usually reads well. We audited the 500-item bilingual multiple-choice bank of a shipped educational RPG, generated by an LLM coding assistant, against a plan fixed before any audit model was run. Factually, the ba...

On-Device Multimodal Small Language Models for Privacy- Preserving Edge Intelligence Through Quantization Pruning Distillation and Energy-Efficient Inference

This review examines architectures, compression techniques, privacy mechanisms, and energy-efficient inference strategies for multimodal small language models operating on smartphones, wearables, vehicles, robots, cameras, and embedded Internet of Things platforms, and develops a deploymentcentric taxonomy.

Towards sustainable and energy-efficient agentic AI via small language models: A comprehensive survey

Creation and Collapse Mechanism: Forward and Reverse Pathways, Quantization, and the 2.8\,M_\odot Fundamental Black Hole Unit

This work presents a comprehensive, plain-language framework detailing the symmetrical relationship between the forward construction of matter and its gravitational reversal. The hypothesis outlines a five-part model spanning from fundamental fields to black hole formation: Part 1: Building (Forward): Matter is constru...

Corporate Criminal Liability in Spain: Rethinking Article 31 bis of the Spanish Penal Code

Abstract The introduction of corporate criminal liability into Spanish law through Organic Law 5/2010 and its substantial reform by Organic Law 1/2015 marked a decisive departure from the traditional maxim societas delinquere non potest. Article 31 bis of the Spanish Penal Code now permits criminal liability of legal p...