ADVANCES IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND MOLECULAR UNDERSTANDING OF OSTEOPOROSIS: EMPHASIS ON PROTEOMICS AND BIOMARKER DISCOVERY

Abstract

Osteoporosis and osteopenia are major metabolic bone disorders characterized by reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and deterioration of bone microarchitecture, ultimately increasing fracture risk. Despite the availability of multiple diagnostic modalities, early detection remains challenging due to methodological limitations and biological variability. This review provides a comprehensive overview of bone biology, epidemiology, molecular signaling pathways, diagnostic strategies, and therapeutic approaches. Special emphasis is placed on proteomics and its emerging role in biomarker discovery. Recent advances in omics technologies have enabled high-throughput molecular profiling, offering deeper insights into disease mechanisms and paving the way for personalized medicine. The integration of proteomics into clinical practice holds promise for improving early diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapy in osteoporosis.