Comprehensive Analysis and Correlation of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Levels with Glycemia and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Tertiary Care Hospital-Based Study

Abstract

Background Role of Vitamin D is not limited to skeletal health but it acts as a potential modulator of metabolic homeostasis. Studies have shown its influence on insulin secretion and cardiometabolic risk factors. This study was conducted to evaluate correlation of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (25OH VitD3) levels with glycemic status and lipid profile parameters in a tertiary care hospital setting. Methods A cross-sectional observational study was conducted taking 173 adults (>18 years) attending outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital between April and December 2025. Participants were categorized based on HbA1c levels according to American Diabetes Association criteria into non-diabetic, pre-diabetic, and diabetic. 25OH VitD3, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were estimated from fasting serum sample. Statistical analyses were performed and statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were observed in more than 65% of participants (mean 25OH VitD3: 27.8±16.16 ng/mL). Patients with diabetes mellitus showed significantly higher TG, VLDL, TG/HDL and TC/HDL ratios and lower HDL levels (p<0.05). 25OH VitD3 showed a weak statistically significant negative correlation with HbA1c (ρ = –0.186, p=0.014) but no significant correlation with lipid parameters. Regression models revealed moderate explanatory power (R2: 23.9–28.4%), with classical metabolic markers contributing more than vitamin D. Conclusion A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was detected. Vitamin D demonstrated a weak correlation with glycemia and no correlation with lipid parameters. Vitamin D may function as a metabolic modulator rather than a primary determinant of dysglycemia and dyslipidemia.