Sep 2026· Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research· 0 citations
TL;DR
The study observed reductions in glycaemic parameters after a nutrition promotion intervention in regulating the blood glucose levels among T2DM patients and supported the importance and effect of customised nutrition counselling and health education in diabetes management to improve glycaemic control.
Abstract
Introduction: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is one of the global health concerns that needs effective management of blood glucose levels to avoid the complications. Nutritional interventions for the control of diabetes mellitus have been promising, yet studies assessing their effectiveness are few.
Aim: To assess the effectiveness of nutrition promotion intervention in controlling blood glucose levels in T2DM patients
Materials and Methods: The present quasi-experimental study was conducted from November 2025 to April 2026 among patients with T2DM enrolled from the Non-communicable Disease (NCD) clinic of an Urban Health Centre. A total of 104 T2DM patients were enrolled on the quasi-experimental study. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect the baseline data. Sociodemographic information, such as age, gender, and socioeconomic status, was comprehensively gathered. Nutritional health education and a novel nutrition promotion intervention were given to the patients and followed up for 24 weeks. The blood glucose levels and Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) were evaluated at baseline and after the intervention period of 24 weeks. Data analysis was performed on Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 25. Significance test for the difference between the pre- and postintervention values was conducted using a paired t-test.
Results: According to the study, males accounted for 80.77% of the study population, with most of them being employed. The intervention was associated with significant reductions in Fasting Blood Glucose (FBS) (p=0.001), Postprandial Blood Glucose (PPBS) (p=0.001) and Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) (p=0.001) of the participants significantly improved following the nutritional intervention.
Conclusion: The study observed reductions in glycaemic parameters after a nutrition promotion intervention in regulating the blood glucose levels among T2DM patients. The study also supported the importance and effect of customised nutrition counselling and health education in diabetes management to improve glycaemic control.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is an important worldwide public health problem of decreased insulin secretion
and insulin resistance that result in chronic hyperglycemia. The number of people with type 2 diabetes has
significantly increased over the past few years due to a variety of unhealthy habits in their daily life, including a lack
of physical activity, obesity, stress and environmental influences. Knowledge and understanding of all the factors
affecting glycaemic control is crucial for diabetes care..
Objective: The objective of this research was to assess the management of the blood sugar level of T2DM patients
with respect to environmental and food influences in their residency of Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.
Methods: This research method used was descriptive cross sectional research. This was a systematic questionnaire
data collection was conducted to achieve a hundred diabetes mellitus (Type 2) patients. The following data was
collected: demographics, dietary fibre consumption, stress levels, levels of physical activity, and glycaemic control
status. To determine the association between lifestyle factors and glycemic effects the data captured needed
statistical analysis in the form of comparisons, frequency distributions and percentages.
Results: The dietary and environmental variables were demonstrated to have a significant effect on diabetes care.
Those with the highest score were those who ate more dietary fibre than those with the lowest score, suggesting that
improving glycaemic control should be considered a public health goal. Being physically inactive had a negative
association with the control of diabetes and having regular physical activity had a positive association with
glycaemic outcomes. The level of stress was positively associated with glycaemic control, even though there were
no significant differences between Gly Haemoglobin mean values of the highly stressed, moderately stressed and
not stressed groups.The level of stress was closely associated with the Diabetes outcome, though the Gly
Haemoglobin mean value for the highly stressed, moderately stressed and not stressed did not differ significantly.
Furthermore, the study revealed that people with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus could improve their glycaemic control
when coupled with regular exercise and effective stress management, and good eating habits.
Conclusion: Environmental and nutritional factors play an important role in the management of Type 2 Diabetes
Mellitus (T2DM), the study suggests. A diet rich in fibre, regular exercise and reducing stress could help to improve
glycaemic management and health outcomes. It is essential that programs aimed at managing diabetes emphasise the
need of integrated lifestyle treatments. Healthcare providers, lawmakers, and public health workers may be able to
use the results to inform the creation of more efficient plans to reduce the prevalence of diabetes.
Deepika Sharma, N. Panwar· International Journal of Dru...· 0 citations
Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major public health challenge, particularly in settings where pharmacists remain primarily dispensing-oriented. This study evaluated the impact of a pharmacist-led multidimensional advisory intervention on cardiometabolic outcomes in patients with T2DM. Methodology: A quasi-experimental study with control and intervention groups was conducted in a community pharmacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Forty adult patients were allocated to usual care (n=20) or a four-month pharmacist-led programme including nutrition education, lifestyle counselling, physical activity, and continuous support (n=20). Body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and blood pressure were measured at baseline and follow-up, while HbA1c was assessed in the intervention group, limiting between-group comparisons. Results: Significant reductions in BMI (p=0.002), FBG (p=0.026), and HbA1c (p=0.001) were observed in the intervention group, whereas no significant improvements were detected in the control group. Conclusion: These findings provide preliminary evidence that pharmacist-led advisory interventions may improve metabolic control in patients with T2DM.
Amra Nuhanović, D. Antonić· Quality of Life (Banja Luka)...· 0 citations
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major public health concern in low-resource settings, where limited dietary awareness, low health literacy, and restricted access to structured nutrition counseling contribute to poor glycemic control. Structured nutrition education may provide a feasible strategy for improving diabetes self-management among low-income patients. Objective: To evaluate the effect of a structured nutrition education intervention on HbA1c levels among low-income adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Lodhran, Pakistan. Methods: A single-group quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test study was conducted at Shahida Islam Teaching Hospital, Lodhran. Twenty-nine adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were selected through convenience sampling. Baseline demographic characteristics and pre-intervention HbA1c were recorded, followed by a structured nutrition education intervention. Post-intervention HbA1c was measured and compared with baseline values. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27. Descriptive statistics and paired-sample t-test were applied, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Most participants were aged 46–55 years, 55.2% were female, 51.7% had no formal education, and all had no previous nutrition counseling. Mean HbA1c decreased from 8.15 ± 1.41% before the intervention to 6.80 ± 1.10% after the intervention, with a mean reduction of 1.36 percentage points, 95% CI 1.03–1.69, t(28) = 8.497, and p < 0.001. Conclusion: Structured nutrition education was associated with a significant within-participant reduction in HbA1c among low-income adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Larger controlled studies with longer follow-up are recommended to confirm effectiveness and sustainability
Arooba Fatima¹, M. Khalid¹, Taskeen Habib¹ et al.· Journal of Health, Wellness...· 0 citations
Background: Diabetes mellitus is a major public health problem associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Adequate knowledge and lifestyle modification play an important role in achieving optimal glycemic control and preventing diabetes-related complications. This study aimed to determine the association between knowledge and lifestyle modification with control of HbA1c among patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Medicine, Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Sylhet over a period of 06 months. A total of 150 patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus were selected by purposive and convenient sampling methods. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire regarding sociodemographic profile, clinical characteristics, diabetes-related knowledge and lifestyle modification practices. Glycemic control was assessed by HbA1c level. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.0. Results: The majority of patients were male (66.7%) and aged ≤40 years (41.3%). Most patients had uncontrolled HbA1c levels (84.0%). Knowledge regarding HbA1c was low, as only 20.0% knew that HbA1c reflects long-term blood glucose control. Regular physical exercise was reported by 52.7% of patients, while only 13.3% monitored blood glucose regularly. Significant associations were found between controlled HbA1c and knowledge about HbA1c (p=0.004), diabetic diet adherence (p=0.048), regular physical exercise (p=0.021) and self-monitoring of blood glucose (p=0.043). Conclusion: Poor diabetes-related knowledge and inadequate lifestyle modification were significantly associated with uncontrolled HbA1c levels among patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
A. Rahman, Brigadier General Nasir Uddin Ahmed, Brigadier General Shamima Yasmin et al.· Scholars Journal of Applied...· 0 citations
Background:Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder requiring lifelong pharmacotherapy and lifestyle modifications. Despite the availability of effective therapies, poor medication adherence remains a significant barrier to achieving optimal glycemic control, leading to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Identifying the factors that influence adherence is crucial for developing effective interventions.Objective:To prospectively evaluate the factors affecting medication adherence in patients with T2DM.Methods:This prospective, observational study was conducted at the Department of Medicine of a tertiary care hospital. A total of 160 patients with T2DM on oral hypoglycemic agents for at least one year were enrolled. Baseline demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical data were collected. Medication adherence was assessed at baseline and at the 6-month follow-up using the validated Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8). Glycemic control was measured via HbA1c levels. Patients were categorized as having high, medium, or low adherence. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of poor adherence.Results:Of the 160 enrolled patients, 152 completed the six-month follow-up (dropout rate: 5%). The mean age was 56.4 ± 11.2 years, with a slight male predominance (56.6%). At baseline, only 28.3% (n=43) of patients had high adherence. At the 6-month follow-up, the number of patients with high adherence had significantly declined to 23.0% (n=35) (p=0.03). Factors significantly associated with poor adherence on multivariate analysis included: the presence of depressive symptoms (AOR: 3.2, 95% CI: 1.6-6.4, p=0.001), a higher pill burden (>5 pills per day) (AOR: 2.8, 95% CI: 1.4-5.6, p=0.004), lower monthly family income (AOR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.1-4.1, p=0.02), and the experience of medication-related side effects (AOR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.2-4.8, p=0.01). There was a strong correlation between lower adherence scores and higher HbA1c levels at the 6-month follow-up (r = 0.62, p<0.001).Conclusion:The rate of medication non-adherence in T2DM patients is alarmingly high and tends to decline over time. Key modifiable factors such as depression, pill burden, and side effects were identified as independent predictors of poor adherence. A multidisciplinary approach involving psychological support, regimen simplification, and proactive side-effect management is essential to improve adherence and, consequently, clinical outcomes in this patient population.
Dafna St, Dr. Sathisha B· Asian Journal of Medical Res...· 0 citations
Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease that occurs when the body cannot properly use or does not produce enough insulin. This leads to hyperglycemia, or elevated blood glucose levels. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common form of diabetes, accounting for about 90-95% of all diabetic cases. Aim: To examine the association of behavioral factors with the development of chronic complications and the degree of glycoregulation in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: The research was conducted as a descriptive study on a sample of 215 subjects with a diagnosis of T2DM set in accordance with the criteria of the American Diabetes Association (ADA), treated at the Srbac Health Center and the Banja Luka Health Center in the period March-November 2024. The subjects were selected using a random sample method. They filled out a questionnaire with general and sociodemographic data and a questionnaire with medical data and laboratory analyses. Results: Smoking, physical inactivity, inadequate diet and alcohol consumption have a significant impact on the occurrence of certain complications, such as retinopathy, neuropathy, ischemic heart disease and peripheral vasculopathy. Poor blood glucose control and elevated HbA1c values, together with an unfavorable lipid profile and the presence of hypertension, further increase the risk of developing complications. Smoking, physical inactivity and poor diet have a statistically significant association with poorer glycoregulation in patients with type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: The significance of this study lies in the fact that it indicates the necessity of a comprehensive approach to the treatment of diabetes, which must not be focused exclusively on blood sugar regulation, but must include lifestyle changes, monitoring of lipid status and blood pressure, as well as systematic patient education.
Kosana Stanetić, Srđan Bajagić, S. Vujnović et al.· Respiratio· 0 citations
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