Towards a Unified Modality-Agnostic Multimodal Framework for Cognitive Workload Assessment
TL;DR
A unified, modality-agnostic, hierarchical Transformer-based architecture to process heterogeneous biosignal modalities within a single model is developed and EEG is the strongest single modality, ranking highest in IQ, GAME, and the pooled ALL setting.
Abstract
Cognitive workload reflects the mental effort required during task performance and is central to the design of adaptive human-machine systems. The use of biosignals to measure cognitive workload has been extensively researched and documented; however, studies examining the effects of combining heterogeneous biosignal modalities for this purpose remain limited. To provide insight into this area, we developed a unified, modality-agnostic, hierarchical Transformer-based architecture to process heterogeneous biosignal modalities within a single model. We use this framework in a pilot study evaluating all $31$ possible combinations of five modalities: Electrocardiogram (ECG), Electrodermal Activity (EDA), Respiration (RESP), Peripheral Oxygen Saturation (SpO$_2$), and Electroencephalogram (EEG), under leave-one-subject-out validation across three cognitively distinct tasks: abstract reasoning (IQ), arithmetic problem solving (MATH), and a game task (GAME). In this pilot setting, the results suggest that: (i) EEG is the strongest single modality, ranking highest in IQ, GAME, and the pooled ALL setting, where samples from all three tasks are combined; (ii) adding more modalities does not consistently improve performance; (iii) the full five-modality combination achieves the highest \textit{Average} score of $73.02%$ on IQ and $68.08%$ when the \textit{Average} scores are averaged over the four evaluation settings: IQ, MATH, GAME, and ALL; and (iv) the proposed method reduces model size by approximately $50%$ compared with late-fusion alternatives while maintaining a lower inference time.
