Comprehensive review of the vaccine prevention of brucellosis of farm animals
Abstract
Brucellosis remains one of the significant zoonotic diseases in animal husbandry, causing enormous economic damage due to abortions, reduced productivity, diagnostic costs, control measures and restrictions of international trade, as well as posing a serious threat to human health. Despite many years of efforts, eradication of the disease remains a difficult task, especially in regions with high endemicity. The prevention of brucellosis in farm animals is based on strict adherence of veterinary and sanitary measures, where mass vaccination plays a key role in reducing of prevalence of infection. This article aims a comprehensive analysis of current brucellosis prevention strategies, with a particular focus on a detailed description and critical evaluation of all known and used vaccines. The article systematizes extensive scientific data on the history of development, composition, mechanism of action, immunogenicity, efficacy, application scheme, advantages and significant disadvantages of each vaccine. Classical live attenuated vaccines (S19, Rev.1, B. abortus 82, B. suis S2, etc.), inactivated vaccines (based on whole-cell bacteria, subcellular fractions), as well as promising new approaches, including subunit, vector, DNA-vaccines and vaccines based on mutants with deletion of virulence genes, are considered. Special attention is paid to the problem of differentiation of vaccinated from infected animals. The factors, influencing the effectiveness of vaccination, practical aspects of the use of vaccines, their safety for animals, as well as the role of vaccine prophylaxis in programs on the control and eradication of brucellosis are discussed in detail. The article highlights the need of combined approach, combining vaccination with strict veterinary and sanitary measures and strict control of animal movement. The review provides researchers, veterinary practitioners and epidemiologists with comprehensive up-to-date information to make informed decisions in the fight against this socially and economically significant disease.