Motor performance and its association with Alzheimer’s-related biomarkers: a systematic review

Abstract

To examine associations between neurodegenerative and inflammatory biomarkers and motor function in adults with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or at risk of AD. A systematic review was conducted using MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, LILACS, and CENTRAL. Seventeen studies (2018–2026) were included. CSF Aβ42 levels were associated with gait speed, balance, and mobility outcomes, while p-tau, p-tau181, p-tau217, and t-tau correlated with mobility impairments, dual-task performance, and reduced physical function. Higher neurofilament light chain (NfL) levels were linked to poorer Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) performance, slower gait speed, and lower grip strength. One study found serum IL-8 associated with mobility outcomes. AD-related biomarkers, particularly Aβ42, p-tau, p-tau181, p-tau217, t-tau, and NfL, show consistent associations with gait disturbances, mobility decline, and reduced physical function. Motor changes may precede cognitive decline, supporting their potential as early indicators of neurodegeneration.