Digital Mine Mapping Using LiDAR and Geospatial Technologies for Safer Minin

Abstract

Modern mining operations require accurate and frequently updated spatial information to maintain production efficiency while controlling risks associated with unstable slopes, inaccessible working faces, haul roads, excavation zones and rapidly changing mine geometry. Conventional mine surveying techniques provide reliable measurements but may require survey personnel to enter locations where falling rocks, equipment movement or ground instability can create safety concerns. The present study examines the application of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) together with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), Geographic Information System (GIS) and threedimensional modelling techniques for digital mine mapping. A representative mine-survey workflow was developed in which LiDAR point clouds were collected, georeferenced, filtered and converted into digital elevation models and three-dimensional surface models. Spatial information was subsequently analysed in a GIS environment to determine bench geometry, slope conditions, surface displacement, haul-road characteristics and potential hazard zones. The study demonstrates how high-density spatial observations can improve the identification of small geometric changes that may not be adequately represented by conventional point-based surveys. Digital models also provide a useful permanent record for comparing mine conditions at different survey periods. The results indicate that integrated LiDAR and geospatial mapping can improve spatial coverage, shorten field survey requirements and reduce the need for personnel to remain in hazardous areas. The approach therefore provides an effective basis for safer mine surveying, operational planning, slope monitoring and long-term development of digital mining systems.