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Test-Time Adaptation for Cross-Domain Remaining Useful Life Prediction: When Does It Work and What Should Practitioners Use

Jul 2026 · Eksploatacja I Niezawodnosc-maintenance and Reliability · 0 citations · 28 references

TL;DR

Gradient-free adaptive BN gives the best risk–benefit trade-off, matching or outperforming them in five of six scenarios on C-MAPSS, and a four-step deployment workflow for cross-domain predictive maintenance is proposed.

Abstract

Deep learning models for remaining useful life (RUL) prediction degrade under varying operating conditions due to distribution shifts. Test-time adaptation (TTA) addresses this issue by updating a pretrained model using unlabeled target data without source data access; however, it has not been systematically studied for RUL prediction. Four TTA strategies are reformulated and evaluated across six cross-domain scenarios on C-MAPSS. TTA improves performance only when the source has more diverse operating conditions than the target. Restricting adaptation to batch-normalization (BN) affine parameters makes all gradient-based methods produce functionally equivalent outputs (BN affine bottleneck). Gradient-free adaptive BN gives the best risk–benefit trade-off, matching or outperforming them in five of six scenarios. A four-step deployment workflow for cross-domain predictive maintenance is proposed. The direction dependence of TTA effectiveness and the BN affine bottleneck are further confirmed on an LSTM backbone and the N-CMAPSS dataset.

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