Tacit Knowledge in University Research Commercialisation: Relational Dynamics and Ethical Tensions

Abstract

Tacit knowledge plays a critical yet often underexamined role in the commercialisation of university research. Although universities increasingly rely on formal mechanisms such as patents and licences to capture value, much of the knowledge with commercial relevance remains embedded in researchers’ experience, judgement, and day-to-day practices. This makes it difficult to articulate and transfer through formal channels alone, and suggests that current approaches to commercialisation may overlook important aspects of how knowledge becomes usable and meaningful in practice. To address this, this study develops an integrated conceptual model exploring how tacit knowledge is mobilised in university research commercialisation, with particular attention to the roles of relational dynamics and ethical tensions. By synthesising the SECI model (socialisation-externalisation-combination-internalisation) and absorptive capacity theory, the article shifts the focus from artefact-centric technology transfer to relational and institutionally constrained knowledge processes. The framework introduces four theoretical propositions, highlighting that tacit knowledge does not move as a clearly defined asset but rather depends heavily on the industry partner’s potential and realised absorptive capacity, as well as the depth of shared understanding. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that ethical tensions and ownership ambiguities—particularly regarding uncodified knowledge—act as structural boundaries that actively disrupt knowledge externalisation. Overall, the study develops a process-oriented view of research commercialisation, emphasising that mobilising tacit knowledge depends on interaction, capability, and institutional conditions. It suggests that universities could benefit from complementing formal, artefact-based approaches with capability-building practices that support sustained collaboration, clearer governance of knowledge ownership, and the alignment of academic and commercial values across organisational boundaries.