Integrating AI, RNA Vaccines, and CAR‐T Cells for Personalized Treatment

Abstract

Oncology is undergoing a profound transformation driven by the convergence of artificial intelligence (AI), RNA‐based vaccines, and chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell (CAR‐T) therapies. Individually, these technologies have advanced cancer diagnosis, treatment, and patient stratification. AI‐driven approaches enhance drug discovery, optimize clinical trial design, and enable personalized therapeutic decision‐making. RNA vaccines provide a flexible platform for encoding tumor‐specific neoantigens, while CAR‐T therapies enable targeted immune‐mediated tumor cell elimination. Early‐phase clinical trials, particularly those combining RNA vaccines with immune checkpoint inhibitors, have demonstrated promising improvements in recurrence‐free survival (RFS) and immunogenicity. However, evidence supporting direct combinations of RNA vaccines and CAR‐T therapies remains largely preclinical or limited to early‐phase investigation and should therefore be interpreted with caution. This review explores how AI facilitates neoantigen discovery, RNA vaccine optimization, and CAR‐T cell engineering, and examines the emerging interplay between these modalities. While their integration represents a compelling framework for personalized oncology, significant challenges remain, including clinical validation, scalability, regulatory oversight, and equitable access.