Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation in Self-Healing Concrete: A Review

Abstract

Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) has emerged as a promising bio-based technology for developing self-healing concrete capable of autonomously repairing cracks and enhancing structural durability. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements in microbial self-healing concrete, focusing on biomineralization mechanisms, bacterial and fungal species, carrier materials, encapsulation techniques, endospore technology, and calcium carbonate-precipitating biomass additives. The role of MICP in improving mechanical properties, reducing permeability, enhancing durability, and extending the service life of concrete structures is critically examined. Furthermore, the application of microbial mineralization in low-carbon cementitious materials, environmental remediation, heavy metal immobilization, and historical structure restoration is discussed. The findings indicate that MICP-based self-healing systems offer significant environmental and economic benefits by reducing maintenance requirements and supporting carbon-neutral construction practices. Despite substantial progress, challenges related to microbial survival, large-scale implementation, and long-term field performance remain. Future research directions for improving the efficiency and commercialization of MICP technology are also highlighted.