Hybrid quantum–classical AI models for secure communications: a systematic review

Abstract

The emerging era of quantum computing has highlighted the importance of secure communication systems that combine quantum-resistant cryptography, quantum communication, and advanced security analytics. This systematic review critically examines hybrid models of quantum and classical artificial intelligence, focusing on architectures for quantum key distribution (QKD), intrusion detection, network management, and the integration of post-quantum cryptography. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, studies from January 2020 to July 2026 were sourced from IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Wiley Online Library, and backward citation searches. Out of these, 30 primary studies met the inclusion criteria and were evaluated using an eight-item quality rubric and a five-level evidence-maturity framework. The findings are grouped into three categories: AI-enhanced QKD and secure communication, hybrid quantum–classical learning for intrusion detection, and post-quantum or hybrid cryptographic solutions. AI-supported QKD research has shown notable reductions in parameter search time while maintaining near-optimal secret-key rates, primarily in simulation settings. Hybrid quantum machine learning models showed competitive intrusion detection accuracy and F1 scores, but improvements over classical methods were modest, dataset-dependent, and often lacked comprehensive reporting on false positives, statistical significance, or computational costs. Post-quantum cryptography approaches demonstrated greater maturity, with evaluations involving Transport Layer Security (TLS), Internet Protocol Security (IPsec), embedded devices, wireless links, and hardware accelerators, although performance varied with platform resources, cryptographic object sizes, network conditions, and side-channel protections. Among the studies, half were simulation-based, 30% involved laboratory experiments, and 20% were functional prototypes; none showed sustained operational deployment of an integrated hybrid quantum–classical AI security system. The review concludes that current evidence supports application-specific feasibility rather than universal quantum advantage. Achieving practical deployment requires standardized benchmarking, comparable classical baselines, transparent cost analysis, hardware validation, interoperable protocols, and longer-term field testing.