Epigenetic pacemaker: A review of DNA methylation, histone lactylation, and non-coding RNAs in autoimmune skin diseases

Abstract

Autoimmune skin diseases, including psoriasis, cutaneous forms of systemic lupus erythematosus, and scleroderma, involve complicated interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Modern developments have pointed out the importance of regulatory epigenetic processes associated with DNA methylation, histone lactylation, and different types of non-coding RNA molecules like miRNA, lncRNAs, and circRNAs. Epigenetic factors serve as a “pacemaker” for immune cell activation, keratinocytes' function disturbances, and inflammatory microenvironment reconstruction. This review covers the role of epigenetics in development and progression of autoimmune skin diseases and shows its potential use for diagnostics, prediction, and treatment of these pathological conditions. Using the latest scientific results, the present article provides the necessary theoretical basis for the implementation of precision medicine methods in the treatment of autoimmune skin diseases.