The first report of M918L (super-kdr) and L932F voltage-gated sodium channel mutations in the English grain aphid (Sitobion avenae).
TL;DR
This study genetically screened key regions of the voltage-gated sodium channel known to harbour resistance-conferring mutations in the grain aphid S. avenae and identified two additional VGSC substitutions corresponding to M918L and L932F, which have been implicated in reduced pyrethroid sensitivity in other insect species.
Abstract
Background
The grain aphid, Sitobion avenae Fabricius (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a vector of yellow dwarf viruses and an important pest of cereals. In a European context, it is the only cereal aphid known to have developed knockdown resistance (kdr). In this study, we genetically screened key regions of the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) known to harbour resistance-conferring mutations. Specimens were sampled across multiple locations and years in Ireland, enabling detection of individuals carrying the L1014F mutation and screening for additional mutations, including those associated with super-kdr.
Results
The frequency of the L1014F substitution in samples from Irish suction towers is consistent with frequencies reported in other studies from Ireland and the UK, and we found no strong evidence of an increase in kdr frequency despite the greater reliance on pyrethroids. Importantly, the analysis identified two additional VGSC substitutions corresponding to M918L and L932F, which have been implicated in reduced pyrethroid sensitivity in other insect species. This is the first report globally of these mutations in S. avenae.
Conclusion
We identified a super-kdr variant (M918L) and an L932F variant in the grain aphid S. avenae. Because these were detected in archived samples, their impact on in-field resistance in this species is currently unknown; however, based on observations in other aphid species, including cereal aphids, they likely influence resistance phenotypes. Regular monitoring of the incidence and spread of known and emerging insecticide-resistant clonal lineages is essential to preserve the effectiveness of our limited insecticide arsenal and to determine when field efficacy may be insufficient for pest control. © 2026 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.