Renewable Energy Landscape and the Challenge of Gas Development in Nigeria

Abstract

Nigeria's energy landscape is characterized by a heavy dependence on oil and gas, with natural gas representing a critical component of the country's energy mix. However, despite being one of the largest producers of natural gas in Africa, Nigeria has struggled with issues such as inadequate infrastructure, regulatory challenges, and inconsistent policies that hamper gas development and its integration into the national energy framework. The potential for natural gas to play a transformative role in Nigeria's energy transition is significant, given its cleaner-burning characteristics compared to coal and oil, coupled with the urgency to ameliorate power supply challenges that affect millions of Nigerians. This paper examined the dynamics of Nigeria's transition towards a gas-based sustainable energy system, exploring the opportunities and challenges presented by the development of its gas resources. It investigated the extent to which gas can contribute to energy security, economic stability, and environmental sustainability, particularly in comparison to other energy transition models globally. Through this investigation, the paper derived insights that inform policy decisions and strategic initiatives in Nigeria's quest for a comprehensive energy transition. To guide this inquiry, the following research questions were formulated: What are the current barriers to gas development in Nigeria? How can natural gas contribute to improving energy access and sustainability in the country? What lessons can be learned from the experiences of other nations pursuing similar energy transitions? By addressing these questions, the paper endeavors to contribute to the ongoing discourse on energy policy and transition in Nigeria, offering empirical insights and theoretical contributions that can aid stakeholders in navigating this complex landscape. Key findings indicate that while Nigeria possesses immense potential in solar, wind, hydro, and biomass resources, policy inconsistencies, financing constraints, infrastructure deficits, and entrenched fossil fuel interests have limited large-scale deployment. Natural gas development remains central to Nigeria's energy and industrial policy, particularly under initiatives such as the "Decade of Gas" (2021–2030) strategy. However, this focus has inadvertently diverted resources and political will away from renewable deployment. The report concludes that achieving a sustainable balance between gas and renewables requires targeted reforms to governance, incentives, and infrastructure planning. A just and inclusive energy transition in Nigeria must integrate gas as a short-term stabilizer while systematically scaling up renewable investments, technology localization, and public-private collaboration to achieve net-zero emissions by 2060.