Operational Performance and Supply Chain Risk Assessment in SME Vannamei Shrimp Farming

Abstract

Small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) shrimp farms play an important role in Indonesia’s aquaculture sector; however, many continue to experience operational inefficiencies, rising production costs, and supply chain vulnerabilities that reduce profitability and long-term sustainability. Existing studies have examined individual operational challenges in aquaculture, yet few have adopted an integrated framework capable of simultaneously diagnosing performance gaps and prioritizing operational risks. This study addresses this gap by integrating the Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) model and Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) to evaluate operational performance and supply chain risks in three vannamei shrimp farming SMEs located in Tegal, Central Java. A qualitative multiple-case study approach was employed using interviews, field observations, operational records, SCOR process mapping, and FMEA risk assessment. The findings reveal that the most significant weaknesses are concentrated in the internally focused SCOR attributes of Cost and Asset Management, while Reliability, Responsiveness, and Agility generally perform better. Farm C demonstrated the strongest overall operational performance due to disciplined operational practices, structured data management, supplier diversification, and systematic monitoring systems. FMEA analysis identified high-priority risks associated with night-time dissolved oxygen control, post-harvest turnaround delays, feed management, inventory handling, and operational data management. The integration of SCOR and FMEA provides complementary insights whereby SCOR identifies performance deficiencies while FMEA prioritizes their underlying causes. This study contributes to the literature by demonstrating the applicability of a combined SCOR–FMEA framework in aquaculture SMEs and provides practical recommendations for improving operational efficiency, supply chain resilience, and farm profitability.