Spatial interactions of urban poverty and livestock environments with dengue incidence: A Bivariate Moran's I Analysis in Denpasar, Bali.

INTRODUCTION Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) remains a major public health problem in tropical regions, including Indonesia. Its transmission is influenced by complex interactions between environmental, animal, and human factors. This study applies a One Health approach to examine spatial interactions between livestock environments, urban conditions, and dengue incidence in Denpasar, Bali.

Methods

This study used a cross-sectional spatial design at the subdistrict level, using secondary data from 2025. Dengue cases were analyzed as the dependent variable, while the number of pig farmers and slum areas represented animal and environmental factors, respectively. Spatial analysis was conducted using QGIS and GeoDa, applying Bivariate Moran's I and BiLISA to identify global and local spatial relationships.

Results

The analysis showed a significant positive spatial association between the number of pig farmers and dengue incidence (Moran's I = 0.127; p = 0.041), indicating a clustering pattern. Slum areas were not significantly associated with dengue incidence (p = 0.487). Local analysis identified a High-High cluster in Padangsambian Kaja and several Low-High clusters, suggesting potential spatial spillover effects between neighboring areas.

Discussion

The findings indicate that livestock-related environments may indirectly influence dengue transmission by creating conditions favorable for mosquito breeding. The presence of spatial clustering and spillover effects highlights the importance of considering interregional connectivity and environmental context in disease control strategies.

Conclusion

Dengue distribution in Denpasar is shaped by spatial and environmental dynamics, particularly livestock-related factors. Targeted, spatially informed interventions using a One Health approach are essential to improve the effectiveness of dengue prevention and control.