MAIL: Memory-driven, Adaptive, Incremental, and Literature-grounded Framework for Hypothesis Generation in Chemistry

Abstract

The ever-expanding volume of the chemical literature offers unprecedented opportunities to generate novel and impactful hypotheses. However, the bottleneck lies in efficiently navigating this vast knowledge base to formulate high-quality, experimentally meaningful insights. While Large Language Models (LLMs) show promise for this task, existing methods often rely on static inspiration corpora, predefined heuristics, or laborious human-in-the-loop pipelines and decision-support frameworks that limit scalability and novelty. In this work, we propose an automated approach, a Memory-augmented, Adaptive, Incremental, and Literature-grounded (MAIL) framework for hypothesis generation in chemistry. Our MAIL method formulates hypothesis generation as a temporally grounded, memory-driven reasoning process, where hypotheses emerge from an evolving conceptual path that continuously accumulates and reinterprets prior knowledge. We evaluated the MAIL framework on a public TOMATO-Chem dataset and a newly curated and disseminated high-novelty nature/science challenge (HN-NS) dataset. Across both datasets, MAIL generates structurally coherent and mechanistically plausible hypotheses, achieves the highest MIOS and MPOS by more effectively recovering the central ideas and methodological elements of the historical target hypotheses, and obtains the highest overall expert-evaluation scores for scientific quality. These results demonstrate the potential of LLMs to autonomously explore chemical domains and generate hypotheses that are both innovative and chemically plausible.