Nitrogen- and oxygen-containing heterocyclic compounds as antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and antivirulence agents: a review

TL;DR

This review critically evaluates recent advances in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing heterocyclic compounds, including imidazolidine, quinoline, triazole, quinoline–triazole hybrids, and other hybrid pharmacophores, as promising antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and antivirulence agents and emphasizes the integration of medicinal chemistry, computational drug discovery, and experimental validation to accelerate the development of effective therapies against MDR and biofilm-associated infections.