Effects of aerobic exercise intensity on cognitive function and neural activity in healthy adults: A randomized controlled trial

Abstract

Exercise promotes healthier living and may enhance cognitive abilities, but evidence on the effects of different intensities of acute aerobic exercise in young adults remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of various exercise intensities on cognition and electroencephalographic (EEG) activity. One hundred healthy young adults (aged 18–30 years) were randomly allocated into four groups: low-moderate intensity (50–60% hr max), high-moderate intensity (60–70% hr max), high intensity (70–80% hr max) and a control group (rest). Participants performed 10 minutes of cycling on a bicycle ergometer at their assigned intensity. Cognitive assessments [Mini-mental state examination (MMSE), Trail making test (TMT), and Stroop color word test (SCWT)] were administered before and immediately after the intervention. EEG was continuously recorded before, during and after exercise. Low-moderate and high-intensity groups demonstrated significant improvements in MMSE and executive function tasks (TMT-B, SCWT). All exercise groups completed Stroop tasks faster after intervention, with the largest improvements seen at higher intensities. EEG analysis showed an increase in beta power during and after exercise in the high-intensity group and increased alpha activity following high-moderate exercise. Acute low-moderate and high intensity aerobic exercise enhances cognitive performance and alters EEG activity in healthy young adults, with effects varying by exercise intensity. These findings suggest that even short bouts of exercise can transiently improve executive functioning and cortical activation. Future research should examine the long-term effects and assess whether similar benefits occur in diverse age groups.