Inflammatory mechanisms of pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and therapeutic strategies in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a narrative review

Immunometabolism in Obesity-Associated Type 2 Diabetes: Molecular Mechanisms and Emerging Therapeutic Targets

A narrative review synthesises mechanisms and examines how metformin, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and inflammasome-directed agents intersect with them in obesity-associated T2D.

The integrated stress response in pancreatic β-cell failure in diabetes: from molecular mechanisms to precision therapeutics

Diabetes mellitus is a global metabolic disorder characterized by progressive pancreatic β-cell failure, which leads to inadequate insulin secretion, often in combination with insulin resistance, and ultimately disrupts glucose homeostasis. The Integrated Stress Response (ISR), a crucial signaling network that enables...

Type 2 diabetes mellitus: emerging mechanistic insights, evolving therapeutic strategies, and future perspectives

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex and progressive metabolic disorder driven by interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental influences, and metabolic dysfunction. Although insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction remain central to disease pathogenesis, emerging evidence highlights the...

Immune Mechanisms and Translational Therapeutic Challenges in Type 1 Diabetes.

AIMS Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease driven by genetic susceptibility and triggered by environmental cues. This review aims to systematically elaborate the full pathogenic cascade of T1DM involving the crosstalk among genetics, environment, immunity and pancreatic target cells, and summarize cu...

The central role of the β-cell in diabetes: from monogenic forms to type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes.

Insulin physiology and metabolic control: current concepts and perspectives

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) results from progressive failure of multiple interconnected metabolic nodes. This review synthesizes evidence that β-cell dedifferentiation, mediated by loss of PDX-1, MAFA, and NKX6.1 and by epigenetic silencing of their promoters, may represent a leading mechanism of β-cell dysfunction, potentia...