Evaluation of the physicochemical and biological properties of calcium silicate-based sealers with different plasticizing agents

Abstract

Calcium silicate-based sealers commonly exhibit a sandy consistency, requiring plasticizers to improve handling and material plasticity. This study hypothesized that polymer-based vehicles could improve the manipulation properties of tricalcium silicate sealers without compromising their physicochemical and biological performance. Experimental sealers containing propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), hydroxyethyl cellulose, or carboxymethyl cellulose were compared with BioRoot RCS and distilled water. Physicochemical properties (ISO 6876:2012), chemical characterization, antimicrobial activity, and cytocompatibility were evaluated. Most formulations achieved adequate flow and radiopacity, whereas cellulose-based vehicles negatively affected flowability. None of the materials met the ISO film thickness requirement. PVA-containing sealer exhibited the lowest solubility (0.21%) and highest cell viability (p < 0.05), suggesting improved matrix stability and favorable biological behavior. Although antimicrobial activity was not observed, PVA demonstrated promising potential as a vehicle for calcium silicate-based sealers.